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Tbird · 05-02-2008, 07:50 AM

Damn pictures

1] Endosymbiotic theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia You basically have hundreds or thousands of bacteria called mitochondria in every cell of your body. The mutual benefit of a bacteria living inside another early cell gave rise to practically all life on this planet. Plants have mitochondria too, but they also engulfed chloroplasts. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genome separate from the animal genome. But they have been living inside animals and plants for so long that they can no longer survive on their own. Mitochondria divide just like bacteria do, so when an egg is fertilized the mitochondria must be inherited by the mother. Sperm have their mitochondria on their tail because thats what powers their sperm tail. The tail on a sperm is made up of the same microtubule bundle arrangement that is found in all higher life. Further evidence of endosymbiosis: Vesicular transport does NOT go to mitochondria or chloroplasts. The Mechanism of Vesicular Transport

2] The second picture shows how a single muscle gene can be spliced to create multiple types of muscle proteins. It shows that mother nature doesn't reinvent the wheel. The different way that genes can be spliced accounts for the small size of our DNA, because multiple proteins can be made from a single gene if it is spliced differently. The basic structure of bacterial DNA is exactly the same as our DNA.

Genes primarily code for proteins. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, which are naturally occuring. DNA evolved from RNA as a more stable way of storing genetic information. RNA can also act like an enzyme, and is self replicating. RNA subunits, ribonucleotides, are naturally occuring under the right conditions (think early earth without oxygen to oxidate everything).

Lipid bilayer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lipid bilayers spontanously form into "cells" due the polar nature of water interacting with the lipid molecules. Its the same principle why oil and water doesn't mix. Lipid bilayers formed around RNA, creating the the very earliest thing that might be considered "living". Life began as a simple self replicating molecule surrounded by a lipid membrane. Basically, life spontaneously arose due to physical laws like thermodynamics. The more you learn the more everything makes sense. As an undergraduate biology major, every week I learn of a new way that evolution proves itself to be true.

3] Proteins like Hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood to tissues, is a member of a family of proteins. Most proteins are categorized into families, and these each had a single evolutionary origin at one point, but diverged due to chromosomal duplications during division. So a gene can be copied and then the 2 "daughter" genes both can go on and acquire mutations, eventually diverging as they gain separate function into similar but different protein. But many times a protein is so important for life that a single nucleotide change (or other mutations) results in death. For example, the proteins (genes) that are involved in cellular signaling so conserved that the ones found in humans can be put into yeast and still work exactly the same. Almost all of the proteins in humans are exactly the same as in mice, and thats why we love to experiment with them.

4] Evolution can also be explained by sickle cell anemia. The reason why Africans have sickle cell disease is because it once protected them from Malaria. A perfect example of a single nucleotide change in the DNA causing a selective survival advantage. Red blood cells impenetrable to malaria parasite - health - 16 April 2008 - New Scientist

Lets not forget cancer. Cancer is caused by a series of mutations and genetic instability, which actually gives those cells an ADVANTAGE over normal behaving cells. The cancer cells gain advantages allowing them to invade other parts of the body. So even cancer is proving evolution to be right!

05-02-2008, 07:50 AM	#703 (permalink)
Tbird Registered User Join Date: Jun 2006 Posts: 110 -2 Internets	Damn pictures 1] Endosymbiotic theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia You basically have hundreds or thousands of bacteria called mitochondria in every cell of your body. The mutual benefit of a bacteria living inside another early cell gave rise to practically all life on this planet. Plants have mitochondria too, but they also engulfed chloroplasts. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genome separate from the animal genome. But they have been living inside animals and plants for so long that they can no longer survive on their own. Mitochondria divide just like bacteria do, so when an egg is fertilized the mitochondria must be inherited by the mother. Sperm have their mitochondria on their tail because thats what powers their sperm tail. The tail on a sperm is made up of the same microtubule bundle arrangement that is found in all higher life. Further evidence of endosymbiosis: Vesicular transport does NOT go to mitochondria or chloroplasts. The Mechanism of Vesicular Transport 2] The second picture shows how a single muscle gene can be spliced to create multiple types of muscle proteins. It shows that mother nature doesn't reinvent the wheel. The different way that genes can be spliced accounts for the small size of our DNA, because multiple proteins can be made from a single gene if it is spliced differently. The basic structure of bacterial DNA is exactly the same as our DNA. Genes primarily code for proteins. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, which are naturally occuring. DNA evolved from RNA as a more stable way of storing genetic information. RNA can also act like an enzyme, and is self replicating. RNA subunits, ribonucleotides, are naturally occuring under the right conditions (think early earth without oxygen to oxidate everything). Lipid bilayer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Lipid bilayers spontanously form into "cells" due the polar nature of water interacting with the lipid molecules. Its the same principle why oil and water doesn't mix. Lipid bilayers formed around RNA, creating the the very earliest thing that might be considered "living". Life began as a simple self replicating molecule surrounded by a lipid membrane. Basically, life spontaneously arose due to physical laws like thermodynamics. The more you learn the more everything makes sense. As an undergraduate biology major, every week I learn of a new way that evolution proves itself to be true. 3] Proteins like Hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood to tissues, is a member of a family of proteins. Most proteins are categorized into families, and these each had a single evolutionary origin at one point, but diverged due to chromosomal duplications during division. So a gene can be copied and then the 2 "daughter" genes both can go on and acquire mutations, eventually diverging as they gain separate function into similar but different protein. But many times a protein is so important for life that a single nucleotide change (or other mutations) results in death. For example, the proteins (genes) that are involved in cellular signaling so conserved that the ones found in humans can be put into yeast and still work exactly the same. Almost all of the proteins in humans are exactly the same as in mice, and thats why we love to experiment with them. 4] Evolution can also be explained by sickle cell anemia. The reason why Africans have sickle cell disease is because it once protected them from Malaria. A perfect example of a single nucleotide change in the DNA causing a selective survival advantage. Red blood cells impenetrable to malaria parasite - health - 16 April 2008 - New Scientist Lets not forget cancer. Cancer is caused by a series of mutations and genetic instability, which actually gives those cells an ADVANTAGE over normal behaving cells. The cancer cells gain advantages allowing them to invade other parts of the body. So even cancer is proving evolution to be right! Attached Images Last edited by Tbird : 05-02-2008 at 08:09 AM.